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#41
FAQ About Cable / Re: General stranding structur...
Last post by tacettin - April 29, 2023, 08:18:44 AMWire rope is manufactured in "Regular Lay" and "Lang Lay".
Regular lay indicates ropes in which the direction of lay of the wires in the strands is in the opposite direction to the lay of the strands in the r ope. Due to this difference in direction, regular lay ropes are less likely to untwist or kink. They are alsa less subject to failure from crushing and distortion because of the shorter length of exposed outer wires.
Lang lay denotes wire rope in which the direction of lay of the wires in the strand is the same as that of the strands in the rope. Because of the longer length of exposed outer wires, lang lay ropes have greater flexibility and abrasion resistance than do regular lay ropes. These ropes are more likely to twist , crush and kink than regular lay ropes.
Strands in wire rope can be twisted in right or le direction even if the wire rope is regular or lang lay. lf the strands are laid around the wire rope in a clockwise direction, the rope is right lay. When the strands are laid in a counterclockwise direction, the rope is said to be le lay
Regular lay indicates ropes in which the direction of lay of the wires in the strands is in the opposite direction to the lay of the strands in the r ope. Due to this difference in direction, regular lay ropes are less likely to untwist or kink. They are alsa less subject to failure from crushing and distortion because of the shorter length of exposed outer wires.
Lang lay denotes wire rope in which the direction of lay of the wires in the strand is the same as that of the strands in the rope. Because of the longer length of exposed outer wires, lang lay ropes have greater flexibility and abrasion resistance than do regular lay ropes. These ropes are more likely to twist , crush and kink than regular lay ropes.
Strands in wire rope can be twisted in right or le direction even if the wire rope is regular or lang lay. lf the strands are laid around the wire rope in a clockwise direction, the rope is right lay. When the strands are laid in a counterclockwise direction, the rope is said to be le lay
#42
FAQ About Cable / Re: General stranding structur...
Last post by tacettin - April 29, 2023, 08:13:59 AMThe illustration shows the individual wires within the outer strands twisting in a Z (right) direction and the outer strands twisting around the core in a Z (right) direction. The lay of this rope is therefore referred to as zZ (right-hand Lang's lay - RHLL) the smaller letter first being the direction of the wires in the strands and the second larger letter being the direction of the strands in the rope.
Alternative descriptions for the direction and type of rope lay
RHOL (Right Hand Ordinary Lay) RHRL (Right Hand Regular Lay) sZ
LHOL (Left Hand Ordinary Lay) LHRL (Left Hand Regular Lay) sZ
RHLL (Right Hand Lang's Lay) zZ
LHLL (Left Hand Lang's Lay) sS
Alternative descriptions for the direction and type of rope lay
RHOL (Right Hand Ordinary Lay) RHRL (Right Hand Regular Lay) sZ
LHOL (Left Hand Ordinary Lay) LHRL (Left Hand Regular Lay) sZ
RHLL (Right Hand Lang's Lay) zZ
LHLL (Left Hand Lang's Lay) sS
#43
FAQ About Cable / Re: General stranding structur...
Last post by tacettin - April 29, 2023, 08:05:21 AMCompared to other wire rope lay types, the superiority of lang lay rope in certain applications derives from the fact that when bent over sheaves, its life span is longer than the others. Stated in another way, the advantage of lang lay rope is its greater fatigue resistance. Yet another claim is made for the lang wire rope lay types: they are more resistant to abrasion. Broadly speaking, this is true, but there are some reservations that should be taken into account.
It is important to understand the reasons for the advantages of lang lay rope. To begin with, consider its fatigue and bending properties. Figure 4A shows, in part, how the lang lay construction characteristics result in greater fatigue resistance than is found in regular lay rope. Note how the axis of the wire relates to the axis of the rope in both cases. When the regular lay rope is bent, the same degree of bend is imparted to the crowns of the outer wires.
Superior fatigue life in lang lay rope is also attributable to the longer exposed length of its outer wires. In the upper photograph of a regular lay rope (Fig. 4A), the valley-to-valley length of individual wires is about 7/8″; the length of the lang lay wires in the lower photograph is about 1-1/8″ or 30% longer. Bending the lang lay rope results in less axial bending of the outer wires and greater torsional flexure. These combined stresses notwithstanding, the lang lay rope displays
15 to 20% superiority over regular lay when bending is the principal factor affecting service life.
It is said that lang lay is more flexible, but flexibility should not be confused with fatigue resistance. These two attributes may, under certain circumstances, bear some relationship, but they are distinctly separate characteristics. Flexibility defines the relative ease with which a rope "flexes" or bends. Fatigue resistance defines the rope's ability to endure bending.
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It is important to understand the reasons for the advantages of lang lay rope. To begin with, consider its fatigue and bending properties. Figure 4A shows, in part, how the lang lay construction characteristics result in greater fatigue resistance than is found in regular lay rope. Note how the axis of the wire relates to the axis of the rope in both cases. When the regular lay rope is bent, the same degree of bend is imparted to the crowns of the outer wires.
Superior fatigue life in lang lay rope is also attributable to the longer exposed length of its outer wires. In the upper photograph of a regular lay rope (Fig. 4A), the valley-to-valley length of individual wires is about 7/8″; the length of the lang lay wires in the lower photograph is about 1-1/8″ or 30% longer. Bending the lang lay rope results in less axial bending of the outer wires and greater torsional flexure. These combined stresses notwithstanding, the lang lay rope displays
15 to 20% superiority over regular lay when bending is the principal factor affecting service life.
It is said that lang lay is more flexible, but flexibility should not be confused with fatigue resistance. These two attributes may, under certain circumstances, bear some relationship, but they are distinctly separate characteristics. Flexibility defines the relative ease with which a rope "flexes" or bends. Fatigue resistance defines the rope's ability to endure bending.
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#44
FAQ About Cable / Re: General stranding structur...
Last post by tacettin - April 29, 2023, 08:01:49 AMLay
An important consideration in wire rope construction is the way the wires have been laid to form strands and the way the strands have been laid around the core.
Lay is classified by both direction and type. The lay direction of the wires within a strand and of the strands within a rope is either left or right. Rope lay is further classified as either regular or lang. In a regular lay rope, the wires in the strands are laid in the opposite direction as the strands in the rope. In a lang lay rope, the wires in the strands are laid in the same direction as the strands in the rope.
Regular and lang lay ropes are easily identified by the appareance of the outer wires with respect to the rope axis as shown by the examples to the right.
Right regular and right lang are the most common types of lay in use. Each possesses unique characteristics important to proper selection. Wire rope can be manufactured with five types of lay.
Regular lay ropes are generally more stable and more resistant to crushing. Lang lay ropes are significantly superior in fatigue and abrasion resistance. However, lang lay ropes are more susceptible to crushing and require good winding conditions. They are also extremely prone to rotate under load; they must never be used unless both ends are restrained.
Alternate lay rope combines the best features of regular and lang lay ropes. It offers the advantages of both constructions while minimizing the disadvantages. This construction is ideal where high bending stresses (fatigue) are combined with high rope-to-sheave pressure (crushing); for example, as applied to boom hoist rope.
An important consideration in wire rope construction is the way the wires have been laid to form strands and the way the strands have been laid around the core.
Lay is classified by both direction and type. The lay direction of the wires within a strand and of the strands within a rope is either left or right. Rope lay is further classified as either regular or lang. In a regular lay rope, the wires in the strands are laid in the opposite direction as the strands in the rope. In a lang lay rope, the wires in the strands are laid in the same direction as the strands in the rope.
Regular and lang lay ropes are easily identified by the appareance of the outer wires with respect to the rope axis as shown by the examples to the right.
Right regular and right lang are the most common types of lay in use. Each possesses unique characteristics important to proper selection. Wire rope can be manufactured with five types of lay.
Regular lay ropes are generally more stable and more resistant to crushing. Lang lay ropes are significantly superior in fatigue and abrasion resistance. However, lang lay ropes are more susceptible to crushing and require good winding conditions. They are also extremely prone to rotate under load; they must never be used unless both ends are restrained.
Alternate lay rope combines the best features of regular and lang lay ropes. It offers the advantages of both constructions while minimizing the disadvantages. This construction is ideal where high bending stresses (fatigue) are combined with high rope-to-sheave pressure (crushing); for example, as applied to boom hoist rope.
#45
FAQ About Cable / Re: General stranding structur...
Last post by tacettin - April 29, 2023, 08:00:53 AMRight and Left Hand Regular Lay:
Right hand regular lay is the most common type of lay. With regular lay, the wire rope denotes the direction of wire twists in the strand. The wires in each strand lie in the opposite direction from the strand. By design, most machines that wire rope is used on are meant for right hand regular lay rope as it is the most common lay type. Right hand regular lay is the most common as it can be helpful for a variety of different applications and complies with most equipment. In general,regular lay cable is more resistant to crushing forces than lang lay cable of identical material and size. Left hand regular lay has the same characteristics as regular right hand lay type, but the strands in left hand lay rotate counterclockwise around the wire rope rather than clockwise. The top left image is an example of right hand regular lay and the image below is left hand regular lay.
Right and Left Hand Lang Lay:
Similar to regular lay, the right hand vs left hand is merely the way the wire rope closes with the strands in left hand lay rotating counterclockwise and right hand lay rotating clockwise. With lang lay rope, the wires in each strand lie in the same direction as the strands. When looking along a length of lang lay cable, the wires will appear to angle across the rope, following the general flow of the strands. Lang lay cables are more susceptible to pinching and kinking than regular lay, which best suits hoisting applications where the cable only moves along one axis. Lang lay is typically more flexible than regular lay. The third image down on the left is an example of right hand lang lay and the image below is left hand lang lay.
Right hand regular lay is the most common type of lay. With regular lay, the wire rope denotes the direction of wire twists in the strand. The wires in each strand lie in the opposite direction from the strand. By design, most machines that wire rope is used on are meant for right hand regular lay rope as it is the most common lay type. Right hand regular lay is the most common as it can be helpful for a variety of different applications and complies with most equipment. In general,regular lay cable is more resistant to crushing forces than lang lay cable of identical material and size. Left hand regular lay has the same characteristics as regular right hand lay type, but the strands in left hand lay rotate counterclockwise around the wire rope rather than clockwise. The top left image is an example of right hand regular lay and the image below is left hand regular lay.
Right and Left Hand Lang Lay:
Similar to regular lay, the right hand vs left hand is merely the way the wire rope closes with the strands in left hand lay rotating counterclockwise and right hand lay rotating clockwise. With lang lay rope, the wires in each strand lie in the same direction as the strands. When looking along a length of lang lay cable, the wires will appear to angle across the rope, following the general flow of the strands. Lang lay cables are more susceptible to pinching and kinking than regular lay, which best suits hoisting applications where the cable only moves along one axis. Lang lay is typically more flexible than regular lay. The third image down on the left is an example of right hand lang lay and the image below is left hand lang lay.
#46
FAQ About Cable / Re: General stranding structur...
Last post by tacettin - April 29, 2023, 07:57:08 AMRegular lay:
In a regular lay cable, the wires and strands are laid opposite to each other. In other words, all of the wires are laid in one direction as they are made into strands, and those strands are then laid in the opposite direction of the wires as they are combined into cable. When looking along a length of regular lay cable, the wires will appear to run parallel and straight the entire way. You can tell a cable is right regular lay because the strands will all flow to the right, or clockwise direction, compared to a regular left lay cable which flows the strands in a leftward, counterclockwise direction.
Lang lay:
In a lang lay configuration, the wires and strands are laid in the same direction. If all the wires are laid to the right as they are made into strands, then those strands will also be laid to the right as they are combined into cable. The same applies to a left lang lay configuration, where both the wires and strands would lay to the left. When looking along a length of lang lay cable, the wires will appear to angle across the rope, following the general flow of the strands. You can tell a cable is a right lang lay cable because both the wires and strands will flow rightward, in a clockwise direction. A left lang lay cable flows both wires and strands in a leftward, counterclockwise direction.
Functionality:
Cable is generally manufactured with a standard right regular lay because it is useful for a variety of different applications and complies with most equipment. In general, regular lay cable is more resistant to crushing forces than lang lay cable of an identical material and size, though lang lay cable is typically more flexible. Lang lay cables are usually more susceptible to pinching and kinking than regular lay, which means they are better suited to hoisting applications where the cable only moves along one axis.
In a regular lay cable, the wires and strands are laid opposite to each other. In other words, all of the wires are laid in one direction as they are made into strands, and those strands are then laid in the opposite direction of the wires as they are combined into cable. When looking along a length of regular lay cable, the wires will appear to run parallel and straight the entire way. You can tell a cable is right regular lay because the strands will all flow to the right, or clockwise direction, compared to a regular left lay cable which flows the strands in a leftward, counterclockwise direction.
Lang lay:
In a lang lay configuration, the wires and strands are laid in the same direction. If all the wires are laid to the right as they are made into strands, then those strands will also be laid to the right as they are combined into cable. The same applies to a left lang lay configuration, where both the wires and strands would lay to the left. When looking along a length of lang lay cable, the wires will appear to angle across the rope, following the general flow of the strands. You can tell a cable is a right lang lay cable because both the wires and strands will flow rightward, in a clockwise direction. A left lang lay cable flows both wires and strands in a leftward, counterclockwise direction.
Functionality:
Cable is generally manufactured with a standard right regular lay because it is useful for a variety of different applications and complies with most equipment. In general, regular lay cable is more resistant to crushing forces than lang lay cable of an identical material and size, though lang lay cable is typically more flexible. Lang lay cables are usually more susceptible to pinching and kinking than regular lay, which means they are better suited to hoisting applications where the cable only moves along one axis.
#47
FAQ About Cable / General stranding structures f...
Last post by tacettin - April 29, 2023, 07:52:56 AMGeneral stranding structures for cables and conductors, direction, lay, etc
Lay and Lay Selection
Regular (Ordinary) Lay or Lang's Lay. Information about lay and its selection is as under.
Lay
Lay is the direction (hand of lay) and length of the twist (length of lay) of wires in a strand and of the strands forming a wire rope.
"Cross Laid" and "Equal Laid" Principle
Cross laid construction is usually one size wire construction where all the wires, except the King or Centre Wire, are of the same diameter. In the stranding operation each covering layer is provided with a longer lay (or pitch) than the underlaid layer of wires. Therefore, in cross laid ropes, the wires in the covering layer, although spiraling in the same direction as the wires in the underlaid, will repeatedly cross over the inner wires.
The equal (parallel) laid principle is to make each covering layer of wires to the same length of lay as the underlying layer, thereby eliminating any crossing of the wires in these strands. Seale, Filler and Warrington strand forms are examples of equal laid principle.
Lay Selection
A standard wire rope is a right hand regular lay rope composed of six strands laid around a core. All ropes are supplied with this lay unless otherwise specified.
Left hand regular lay ropes are used where drum and anchorages are such that right lay ropes wound under load would tend to roll away from adjacent laps, resulting in uneven winding. They are also used to counter the rotation of a right hand lay rope when two ropes are used as a pair. Usually, a left hand lay rope is used in combination with a right hand lay rope. Left hand lay is also used in ropes for drilling purposes to prevent unscrewing of rods.
Regular / Ordinary lay ropes are suitable for all general work.
Lang's lay ropes are used in construction and mining applications. It is more flexible and has greater abrasion resistance due to longer length of wire exposed to wear than ordinary lay rope. Since Lang's lay ropes have little resistance within themselves (to unlaying) on account of the wires and strands being laid in the same direction, they should not be used where the load is suspended from a free end and allowing the rope to rotate. When a Lang's lay rope is unwound care should be taken since it has got tendency of unlaying.
A six strand wire rope in which three strands are ordinary lay and three strands are Lang's lay is known as alternate lay wire rope and combines some desirable properties of both the regular lay and the Lang's lay type of rope.
The use of equal (parallel) lay strands avoids deformation, internal wear and secondary bending which results from the point of contact between the wires in a cross laid strand. In most fields of application, therefore, equal lay ropes have proved to have a longer life than cross laid ropes.
Wire Rope Manufacturing Process
Various operations carried out for making wire ropes are as under.
Patenting (Heat Treatment)
Steel wire ropes are made from high carbon Steel rods. Patenting is a heat treatment process. In patenting wire rods are heat treated above their transformation temperature. Due to this they attain a homogeneous granular structure.
Pickling (Descaling)
After patenting oxide forms on the surface of rod / wire. This oxide is removed from rod/wire by immersing them in a tank of cold hydrochloric acid, rinsing thoroughly with a jet of water, and finally covering the surface with a layer of protective phosphate coating.
Drawing
It is a cold process involving plastic deformation of steel. In drawing, preheated and pickled rod is cold drawn through a series of successively smaller, accurately shaped and polished dies. After drawing, the material now in wire form acquires its final mechanical properties, shape and size
Galvanizing (Zinc Coating)
Galvanizing is a means of protecting steel against corrosion by coating it with Zinc (spelter). The coating of Zinc is normally applied by the Hot Dip process or by electro-depositing. In Hot Dip process the finished drawn wire is passed through a bath of molten zinc. Galvanized wires made by Hot Dip process are not suitable for high tensile strength application as the bath temperature is sufficiently high to alter the physical and mechanical characteristics. In coating by Hot Dip or electro-depositing, the coating of spelter on wire tends to be porous and also liable to cracking or flaking.
If high tensile strength is required, wires are drawn after galvanizing. They are called "Drawn Galvanized". Due to drawing after coating, the spelter becomes more homogeneous and is bonded to the steel much more firmly. This method produces wires having desirable properties of a bright wire (uncoated wires are called "bright" or "black") with a corrosion resisting Zinc coat.
"Drawn Galvanized" wire has the same strength as bright wire, but wire, "galvanized at finished size" is usually 10% lower in strength.
Standing ropes, such as rigging for ships, guy ropes, bridge ropes, etc., which are exposed to the atmosphere and often a corrosive atmosphere, are normally galvanized, or fully galvanized, i.e. made from wires in the state it comes from the galvanizing process without further treatment. This ensures a heavy coating of spelter and gives maximum protection.
On operative ropes, however, such as hoisting ropes, crane ropes, etc., Drawn Galvanized wires are used. The wire used in the manufacture of the rope in this instant is drawn after the wire is galvanized. This reduces to a degree the amount of spelter per sq. mm. of wire but bonds the spelter to the wire more firmly than in the case of fully galvanized wire. This is essential when the rope is working over pulleys or drums.
Winding
Finished wires after drawing / galvanizing are wound onto bobbins to be fed into stranding machines.
Stranding
In stranding, predetermined number of wires are helically laid around a center to make a strand.
Closing (Roping)
In closing predetermined number of strands (generally six) are laid helically around a core (fibre or steel) to make steel wire rope.
Performing
Performing is the process in which each individual strand and each individual wire is permanently formed (shaped or set) during fabrication process in the helical shape it will assume in the finished wire rope. This process causes the strands to lie in place and removes the tendency of wires and strands to fly apart when cut. As performed rope is more inert than non performed rope, it is easier to handle during installation and is less susceptible to the formation of kinks. It can be put to work at full capacity after a shorter "running in" period.
Outer wires of preformed ropes after breaking do not protrude from the rope to injure workmen's hands, do not distort adjacent wires or cause excessive wear to sheaves and drums.
Usually, a general engineering rope is preformed, whereas an elevator rope is non-preformed.
Postforming
When required, ropes are subjected to postforming in addition to the aforesaid performing process, where the residual stress resulting out of the stranding and closing operations are minimized and the rope becomes "dead".
Pre-stretching
Wire ropes for certain uses as in suspension bridge should not elongate while in use. So, after manufacture, the whole length of the wire rope is per-stretched to prevent further elongation. This is done by fixing the ends of the wire rope at two terminal and applying safe working load for a certain period of time as per specification. As a result of this, the structural and elastic stretch that may arise during the valuable life of the rope is done away with.
For more information on pre-stretching, please refer IS 9282: Wire ropes and strands for suspension bridges.
Rope Dressing (Lubrication)
Lubrication of ropes serves a double purpose. Firstly the lubrication resists corrosion and secondly, it enables the wires to move in smoothly resulting in less wear.
During the process of manufacture the strands of the core are well lubricated. In case of ropes for general use the fibre core is thoroughly impregnated with suitable lubricants which prevent the fibre core from wroughting and also act as a preservative of lubricant providing internal lubrication.
Finally, the rope itself is passed through a bath of a special wire rope dressing compound which thoroughly lubricates the rope and also leaves a thin film of lubricant on the surface of the wire rope. The rope thus lubricated, permits strands and wires to move smoothly and is preserved against corrosion during the time of transport and storage.
Testing
For quality control, testing is carried out at various stages of manufacturing like raw material testing, testing for thickness of Zinc coating after galvanizing, testing of finished wires for shape and size (diameter, roundness in case of round wires, and smoothness) before stranding and testing of wire ropes after closing operation to destructive test or proof load test as per requirement.
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Lay and Lay Selection
Regular (Ordinary) Lay or Lang's Lay. Information about lay and its selection is as under.
Lay
Lay is the direction (hand of lay) and length of the twist (length of lay) of wires in a strand and of the strands forming a wire rope.
"Cross Laid" and "Equal Laid" Principle
Cross laid construction is usually one size wire construction where all the wires, except the King or Centre Wire, are of the same diameter. In the stranding operation each covering layer is provided with a longer lay (or pitch) than the underlaid layer of wires. Therefore, in cross laid ropes, the wires in the covering layer, although spiraling in the same direction as the wires in the underlaid, will repeatedly cross over the inner wires.
The equal (parallel) laid principle is to make each covering layer of wires to the same length of lay as the underlying layer, thereby eliminating any crossing of the wires in these strands. Seale, Filler and Warrington strand forms are examples of equal laid principle.
Lay Selection
A standard wire rope is a right hand regular lay rope composed of six strands laid around a core. All ropes are supplied with this lay unless otherwise specified.
Left hand regular lay ropes are used where drum and anchorages are such that right lay ropes wound under load would tend to roll away from adjacent laps, resulting in uneven winding. They are also used to counter the rotation of a right hand lay rope when two ropes are used as a pair. Usually, a left hand lay rope is used in combination with a right hand lay rope. Left hand lay is also used in ropes for drilling purposes to prevent unscrewing of rods.
Regular / Ordinary lay ropes are suitable for all general work.
Lang's lay ropes are used in construction and mining applications. It is more flexible and has greater abrasion resistance due to longer length of wire exposed to wear than ordinary lay rope. Since Lang's lay ropes have little resistance within themselves (to unlaying) on account of the wires and strands being laid in the same direction, they should not be used where the load is suspended from a free end and allowing the rope to rotate. When a Lang's lay rope is unwound care should be taken since it has got tendency of unlaying.
A six strand wire rope in which three strands are ordinary lay and three strands are Lang's lay is known as alternate lay wire rope and combines some desirable properties of both the regular lay and the Lang's lay type of rope.
The use of equal (parallel) lay strands avoids deformation, internal wear and secondary bending which results from the point of contact between the wires in a cross laid strand. In most fields of application, therefore, equal lay ropes have proved to have a longer life than cross laid ropes.
Wire Rope Manufacturing Process
Various operations carried out for making wire ropes are as under.
Patenting (Heat Treatment)
Steel wire ropes are made from high carbon Steel rods. Patenting is a heat treatment process. In patenting wire rods are heat treated above their transformation temperature. Due to this they attain a homogeneous granular structure.
Pickling (Descaling)
After patenting oxide forms on the surface of rod / wire. This oxide is removed from rod/wire by immersing them in a tank of cold hydrochloric acid, rinsing thoroughly with a jet of water, and finally covering the surface with a layer of protective phosphate coating.
Drawing
It is a cold process involving plastic deformation of steel. In drawing, preheated and pickled rod is cold drawn through a series of successively smaller, accurately shaped and polished dies. After drawing, the material now in wire form acquires its final mechanical properties, shape and size
Galvanizing (Zinc Coating)
Galvanizing is a means of protecting steel against corrosion by coating it with Zinc (spelter). The coating of Zinc is normally applied by the Hot Dip process or by electro-depositing. In Hot Dip process the finished drawn wire is passed through a bath of molten zinc. Galvanized wires made by Hot Dip process are not suitable for high tensile strength application as the bath temperature is sufficiently high to alter the physical and mechanical characteristics. In coating by Hot Dip or electro-depositing, the coating of spelter on wire tends to be porous and also liable to cracking or flaking.
If high tensile strength is required, wires are drawn after galvanizing. They are called "Drawn Galvanized". Due to drawing after coating, the spelter becomes more homogeneous and is bonded to the steel much more firmly. This method produces wires having desirable properties of a bright wire (uncoated wires are called "bright" or "black") with a corrosion resisting Zinc coat.
"Drawn Galvanized" wire has the same strength as bright wire, but wire, "galvanized at finished size" is usually 10% lower in strength.
Standing ropes, such as rigging for ships, guy ropes, bridge ropes, etc., which are exposed to the atmosphere and often a corrosive atmosphere, are normally galvanized, or fully galvanized, i.e. made from wires in the state it comes from the galvanizing process without further treatment. This ensures a heavy coating of spelter and gives maximum protection.
On operative ropes, however, such as hoisting ropes, crane ropes, etc., Drawn Galvanized wires are used. The wire used in the manufacture of the rope in this instant is drawn after the wire is galvanized. This reduces to a degree the amount of spelter per sq. mm. of wire but bonds the spelter to the wire more firmly than in the case of fully galvanized wire. This is essential when the rope is working over pulleys or drums.
Winding
Finished wires after drawing / galvanizing are wound onto bobbins to be fed into stranding machines.
Stranding
In stranding, predetermined number of wires are helically laid around a center to make a strand.
Closing (Roping)
In closing predetermined number of strands (generally six) are laid helically around a core (fibre or steel) to make steel wire rope.
Performing
Performing is the process in which each individual strand and each individual wire is permanently formed (shaped or set) during fabrication process in the helical shape it will assume in the finished wire rope. This process causes the strands to lie in place and removes the tendency of wires and strands to fly apart when cut. As performed rope is more inert than non performed rope, it is easier to handle during installation and is less susceptible to the formation of kinks. It can be put to work at full capacity after a shorter "running in" period.
Outer wires of preformed ropes after breaking do not protrude from the rope to injure workmen's hands, do not distort adjacent wires or cause excessive wear to sheaves and drums.
Usually, a general engineering rope is preformed, whereas an elevator rope is non-preformed.
Postforming
When required, ropes are subjected to postforming in addition to the aforesaid performing process, where the residual stress resulting out of the stranding and closing operations are minimized and the rope becomes "dead".
Pre-stretching
Wire ropes for certain uses as in suspension bridge should not elongate while in use. So, after manufacture, the whole length of the wire rope is per-stretched to prevent further elongation. This is done by fixing the ends of the wire rope at two terminal and applying safe working load for a certain period of time as per specification. As a result of this, the structural and elastic stretch that may arise during the valuable life of the rope is done away with.
For more information on pre-stretching, please refer IS 9282: Wire ropes and strands for suspension bridges.
Rope Dressing (Lubrication)
Lubrication of ropes serves a double purpose. Firstly the lubrication resists corrosion and secondly, it enables the wires to move in smoothly resulting in less wear.
During the process of manufacture the strands of the core are well lubricated. In case of ropes for general use the fibre core is thoroughly impregnated with suitable lubricants which prevent the fibre core from wroughting and also act as a preservative of lubricant providing internal lubrication.
Finally, the rope itself is passed through a bath of a special wire rope dressing compound which thoroughly lubricates the rope and also leaves a thin film of lubricant on the surface of the wire rope. The rope thus lubricated, permits strands and wires to move smoothly and is preserved against corrosion during the time of transport and storage.
Testing
For quality control, testing is carried out at various stages of manufacturing like raw material testing, testing for thickness of Zinc coating after galvanizing, testing of finished wires for shape and size (diameter, roundness in case of round wires, and smoothness) before stranding and testing of wire ropes after closing operation to destructive test or proof load test as per requirement.
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#48
General Cable Information / Re: Cord Designations UL 62
Last post by tacettin - April 11, 2023, 05:12:31 PMSOOW Product Description
The SOOW is the most popular of the portable cord category. These cables are constructed with a flexible rubber jacket, which is reliable for its resistance to abrasion and heat. The last major benefit to this construction is its cost-effectiveness.
SOOW Construction
S for Service
OO for Oil-resistant insulation and Oil-resistant jacket
W for Weather and Water resistance.
Rated to: 600 Volts
Temp. Range: -40 to 90ºC
Size: 18 to 2 AWG
Conductors: 2 to 40 Conductors
SEOOW Product Description
The SEOOW is slightly different from the other portable cables as this construction is made with a thermoplastic elastomer jacket. The biggest difference between this cable and other similar constructions is the additional chemical resistance and the rubber's additional flexible properties.
In more generic terms, Sycor's SEOOW is an engineered, high-quality flexible cord, while other similar constructions are much stiffer. The SEOOW is more resistant to water than SOOW, and it has the largest temperature from –50ºC to 105ºC.
SEOOW Construction
S for Service
E for Thermoplastic Elastomer
OO for Oil-resistant insulation and Oil-resistant jacket
W for Weather and Water resistance.
Rated to: 600 Volts
Temp. Range: -50 to 105ºC
Size: 18 to 2 AWG
Conductors: 2 to 5 Conductors
STOOW Product Description
The various constructions of the STOOW have similar resistance properties as the SOOW and the SEOOW, but not to the same extent. The main difference in this construction can be identified in the name S(T)OOW. The T stands for Thermoplastic, which actually makes the cable significantly less flexible. The STOOW construction is a reliable cable for consumer applications, portable power and lighting extensions when flexibility isn't essential.
STOOW Construction
S for Service
T for Thermoplastic
O for Oil-resistant jacket
W for Weather and Water resistance.
Rated to: 600 Volts
Temp. Range: -40ºC to 60ºC
Size: 18 to 10 AWG
Conductors: 2 to 4 Conductors
The portable and power cabling category has a wide range of constructions that are used for a variety of different industries and applications. The SOOW, SEOOW and STOOW, are very similar products that are relied on by hundreds of unique applications worldwide. With a variety of different constructions, voltage ratings and temperature ratings available, the portable power cord category has one of the widest selections of products available. Sycor is a stocking distributor of all current power cord products and has the ability to track down any obscure requests your team may have.
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The SOOW is the most popular of the portable cord category. These cables are constructed with a flexible rubber jacket, which is reliable for its resistance to abrasion and heat. The last major benefit to this construction is its cost-effectiveness.
SOOW Construction
S for Service
OO for Oil-resistant insulation and Oil-resistant jacket
W for Weather and Water resistance.
Rated to: 600 Volts
Temp. Range: -40 to 90ºC
Size: 18 to 2 AWG
Conductors: 2 to 40 Conductors
SEOOW Product Description
The SEOOW is slightly different from the other portable cables as this construction is made with a thermoplastic elastomer jacket. The biggest difference between this cable and other similar constructions is the additional chemical resistance and the rubber's additional flexible properties.
In more generic terms, Sycor's SEOOW is an engineered, high-quality flexible cord, while other similar constructions are much stiffer. The SEOOW is more resistant to water than SOOW, and it has the largest temperature from –50ºC to 105ºC.
SEOOW Construction
S for Service
E for Thermoplastic Elastomer
OO for Oil-resistant insulation and Oil-resistant jacket
W for Weather and Water resistance.
Rated to: 600 Volts
Temp. Range: -50 to 105ºC
Size: 18 to 2 AWG
Conductors: 2 to 5 Conductors
STOOW Product Description
The various constructions of the STOOW have similar resistance properties as the SOOW and the SEOOW, but not to the same extent. The main difference in this construction can be identified in the name S(T)OOW. The T stands for Thermoplastic, which actually makes the cable significantly less flexible. The STOOW construction is a reliable cable for consumer applications, portable power and lighting extensions when flexibility isn't essential.
STOOW Construction
S for Service
T for Thermoplastic
O for Oil-resistant jacket
W for Weather and Water resistance.
Rated to: 600 Volts
Temp. Range: -40ºC to 60ºC
Size: 18 to 10 AWG
Conductors: 2 to 4 Conductors
The portable and power cabling category has a wide range of constructions that are used for a variety of different industries and applications. The SOOW, SEOOW and STOOW, are very similar products that are relied on by hundreds of unique applications worldwide. With a variety of different constructions, voltage ratings and temperature ratings available, the portable power cord category has one of the widest selections of products available. Sycor is a stocking distributor of all current power cord products and has the ability to track down any obscure requests your team may have.
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#49
Turkey (236) / Infoks Kablo Sanayi ve Tic. Lt...
Last post by tacettin - April 06, 2023, 01:35:25 PM
Infoks Kablo Sanayi ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.
Infoks Cable Limited Company , has been established in Istanbul, 2006. We aim to serve the optical fiber infrastucture of our country and the countries abroad that are continuesly improving in terms of communication.
Infoks is one of the leading firms producing the Tight Buffer Fiber Optic Cables in Turkey.
Our product range specifically covers several types of FTTA, FTTH, Distribution, Breakout, Patch and Industrial Fiber Optic cables that are appropriate for direct termination, distribution and indoor fiber optic cable infrastructure.
One of our most importand stregths is to design and manufacture special and unique cables that are in complience with different specs and standards and are tailor made according to the specific needs and requirements of our customers.
Our company has started its manufacturing activity in year 2007 and focused more on export sales from year 2013 onwards. Since then, INFOKS has been increasing its export capacity and thus achieving its goals for sales revenues. This achievement in goals has been helping INFOKS to improve its technical capabilities in terms of product range and production capacity.
Being a ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 certified company, since Quality is a top priority for INFOKS, we always prefer the highest quality materials from the best raw material suppliers. Meeting the international standards in production and testing is a company policy that we are strongly tied.
Our staff with over 20-years of experience in Fiber Optic Industry are dedicated to build a product line which is a mark of our brand's quality and reputation.
Consequently, we aim to design and produce cables that maximize the customer satisfaction while we are striving to contribute to a society where every citizen has access to a fast, reliable and high quality communications network from wherever they live and work.
Understanding the importance of continues learning and improvement and taking it as a cornerstone, INFOKS has combined the wisdom and experience of the past with contemporary knowledge and technology to be The Reflection of Light, if not the source...
CONTACT
Address : Marmara Geri Dönüşümcüler Toplu İşyeri Koop. Şekerpınar Mah. Defne Sok. No:29 Çayırova Kocaeli / TÜRKİYE
Phone : +90 262 658 2621<br
Fax : +90 262 658 1387
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#50
Turkey (236) / Erat Telekomünikasyon San. Ve ...
Last post by tacettin - April 04, 2023, 12:52:35 PM
Erat Telekomünikasyon San. Ve Tic Ltd. Şti
CORPORATE
Erat in 1998 under the name of Telecom fiber optic cable assemblies, additional installation, fiber optic connectors and all kinds of equipment in the production of fiber optic accessories began to serve.
Assets that form the basis of making additional investments in technology and fiber optics fiber optic interconnection accessories in the areas of production in low-cost high quality manufacturing facility was acquired in 2005. Its mission and vision, principles always our company adopted soon Turk Telekom, Turksat, Botas, Teiaş, Tellcom, SUPERONLINE, Vodafone, Avea as an industry pioneer firms directly or indirectly serves.
Erat Telecom offer the services as well as fiber optic assembly and test areas used Fujikura Fusion Splice fiber optic splice machine, Yokogawa, JDSU, Anritsu OTDR - Power Meter equipment to customers supplied, but these areas of technical training.
Watching the developing world's changing approach to service quality, time, data security policies that we have such a professional team and we are continuing with the equipment as a pioneer in the industry.
MISSION AND VISION
Our Mission,
We provide all services and products to ensure customer satisfaction, quality and standards in the industry to be decisive.
Our Vision,
Our products, our services, after sales support and customer satisfaction follow our policies preferred to be a company in Turkey and the world, in parallel with developing technology to constantly renew at the quality of products and services. Without compromising the quality of our customers to bring the right product at the right price.
HUMAN RESOURCE
Erat Telecom; Since the establishment of competitive advantage is rapidly evolving and changing, invested with the power of the brain is aware obtained. Excellence in all activities and increasing the value of high performance and development has been identified as the main principle.
Excellence in all activities and increasing the value of high performance and development has been identified as the main principle. We age, gender, nationality, race, ethnicity, religion, political approach and the provision of equal employment opportunities regardless of physical condition sincerely believe in the necessity.
This policy; Our group of job recruitment and placement, promotion, change of status from employee wages and other benefits related to the education of several applications until the election is valid for all phases of our business lives. Considering the moral and material rights of our employees to share information on individual and corporate values; Qualified, to ensure a peaceful and warm working environment is our main purpose.
Our Company; have the knowledge, the use of technological systems and produce original products through national production sector has taken its rightful place. For our employees, transparent and equitable management policy of the company by their commitment to prioritize and development that we have the brain power to maintain basic criteria that there bilincindeyiz.hedefi our consistently high, keeping it operates in the sectors leading building will maintain its differences by creating a permanent rule, it supplies become a global brand, and this success to share with all our employees are our basic principles .
its way to becoming a global brand; improving employee motivation of all our employees to ensure equal opportunities, human resources constitute the main pillars of our approach. Human Resources Policy was created with this vision; In line with the Group's strategic plans and objectives to meet the manpower needs of this power in the most efficient evaluation and is intended to ensure continuity. Policy in line; provide training and self-development opportunities for our employees, their productivity by creating career paths that maximize the long way to nourish us in our veins. Erat Telecom; at this point that our company culture and the basic principles to be adopted by all of our employees, especially our all employees, including senior management staff themselves open to continuous learning and development, including tutmalarıdır.baş this policy; All our human resources practices, according to the terms of the day to review, update, and thus a dynamic structure holding the basic policy is to ensure continuous improvement.
Make your job applications fill the form below to send. Do not forget to upload your CV file with your application. Please contact as soon as possible taking into consideration and will be returned to you.
CONTACT INFORMATION
Kayseri Organize Sanayi Bölgesi 22. Cad. No:42 MELİKGAZİ/KAYSERİ
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+90 (352) 322 2770
+90 (352) 330 4041
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