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Short Fibre Reinforced Elastomers

Mikael Gunnarsson & Johan Nyman
1998

CONTENTS
NOTATION.................................................................................1
1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................3
2 COMPOSITES.........................................................................5
2.1 COMPOSITES THEORY............................................................................5
2.2 THE HALPIN-TSAI EQUATIONS...............................................................6
2.3 TENSILE STRENGTH ...............................................................................7
2.4 CRITICAL FIBRE LENGTH........................................................................7
3 SHORT FIBRE REINFORCED RUBBER (SFRR) ..........11
3.1 ELASTOMERS.......................................................................................12
3.2 FIBRES .................................................................................................15
Mechanical behaviour.....................................................................................15
Manufacturing of fibres ..................................................................................17
Morphology ...18
3.3 EXAMPLES OF FIBRE ............................................................................20
Glass fibre ...20
Cellulose fibres ...............................................................................................20
Aramide fibres ................................................................................................22
Polyamide (PA)...............................................................................................25
Silk fibres...26
Polyester (PET)...............................................................................................26
Carbon fibres...................................................................................................27
InorPhilTM ...28
Saffil ...28
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) ................................................................................29
Other fibres ...30
Comments ...30
3.4 PROCESSING ........................................................................................31
Important properties during processing ..........................................................31
Mixing...32
Shaping of elastomer articles ..........................................................................33
3.5 FIBRE/MATRIX INTERACTION ..............................................................35
4 PROPERTIES OF SFRR......................................................39
4.1 TENSILE PROPERTIES ...........................................................................39
4.2 STRESS RELAXATION ...........................................................................39
4.3 COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES ..................................................................40
4.4 SWELLING ANISOTROPY.......................................................................41
4.5 ABRASION, FRICTION AND WEAR .........................................................42
4.6 DYNAMIC PROPERTIES .........................................................................45
Damping ability ..............................................................................................45
Hysteresis and Heat Build-up .........................................................................46
4.7 FATIGUE RESISTANCE ..........................................................................47
4.8 TEAR STRENGTH..................................................................................48
4.9 HARDNESS...........................................................................................49
4.10 OTHER PROPERTIES............................................................................50
Flammability...................................................................................................50
Penetration resistance .....................................................................................50
Green strength.................................................................................................50
Ageing resistance............................................................................................50
5 APPLICATIONS ...................................................................51
Brakes ...51
Friction paper..................................................................................................51
Conveyor belts ................................................................................................51
Power transmission belts ................................................................................51
Hoses...51
Tyres ...52
Other applications ...........................................................................................53
6 EXPERIMENTAL.................................................................55
6.1 MIXTURES ...........................................................................................55
6.2 TENSILE PROPERTIES...........................................................................55
6.3 SWELLING............................................................................................56
6.4 HARDNESS...........................................................................................56
6.5 HEAT-BUILD-UP...................................................................................56
6.6 TEAR STRENGTH..................................................................................57
6.7 ABRASION ...........................................................................................57
6.8 SWEEP ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM) STUDIES ................................59
7 RESULTS ...............................................................................61
7.1 MIXTURES ...........................................................................................61
7.2 TENSILE PROPERTIES...........................................................................62
7.3 SWELLING............................................................................................82
7.4 HARDNESS...........................................................................................83
7.5 HEAT BUILD-UP ...................................................................................85
7.6 TEAR STRENGTH..................................................................................87
7.7 ABRASION ...........................................................................................94
7.8 SWEEP ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM) STUDIES ................................99
8 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................109
8.1 PROCESSING ......................................................................................109
8.2 TENSILE PROPERTIES .........................................................................109
8.3 SWELLING..........................................................................................109
8.4 HARDNESS.........................................................................................110
8.5 HEAT BUILD-UP .................................................................................110
8.6 TEAR STRENGTH................................................................................110
8.7 ABRASION .........................................................................................111
8.8 OTHER COMMENTS ............................................................................111
REFERENCES........................................................................113
APPENDIX A ..........................................................................119
A.1 THE HALPIN-TSAI EQUATIONS..........................................................119
A.2 COX'S SHEAR-LAG-ANALYSIS...........................................................122
A.3 DIFFERENT LOAD ANGELS.................................................................126



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